What distinguishes confined aquifers from unconfined aquifers?

The distinguishing feature of confined aquifers is that they are isolated from the surface and other water zones by impermeable layers, also known as aquitards. These layers inhibit the flow of water in and out of the aquifer, allowing the water within it to be under greater pressure compared to unconfined aquifers, which are directly influenced by surface conditions. Due to the presence of these impermeable materials, water in confined aquifers can rise above the top of the aquifer itself when tapped by a well, which is commonly referred to as artesian flow. This unique structural characteristic is key to understanding the behavior, management, and recharge potential of confined aquifers in hydrology.